ABSTRACT
The persistence of immunogenicity in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) on disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy (DMARD) has been less well studied. This extension study evaluates the SARS-CoV2 antibody decay kinetics 6 months following two doses of ChAdO1nCov-19 (AZ) and BNT162b (Pfizer) and subsequent response following an mRNA booster. RESULTS: 175 participants were included. Six months after initial AZ vaccination, 87.5%, 85.4% and 79.2% (p=0.756) in the withhold, continue and control groups remained seropositive compared with 91.4%, 100% and 100% (p=0.226), respectively, in the Pfizer group. Both vaccine groups developed robust humoral immune responses following a booster with seroconversion rates being 100% for all three intervention categories. The mean SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were significantly lower in the targeted synthetic DMARD (tsDMARD) group that continued therapy compared with the control (2.2 vs 4.8 U/mL, p=0.010). The mean time interval until loss of protective antibodies in the IMID group was 61 days for the AZ and 137.5 days for the Pfizer vaccine. Within each DMARD class the interval until loss of protective antibody titres in the csDMARD, bDMARD and tsDMARD groups were 68.3, 71.8 and 64.0 days in the AZ group and 185.5, 137.5 and 116.0 days in the Pfizer group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Antibody persistence was longer in the Pfizer group due to a higher peak antibody level following second vaccination with levels of protection in IMID on DMARD therapy similar to controls except in those on tsDMARDs where it was lower. A third mRNA vaccine booster can restore immunity in all groups.
Subject(s)
Antirheumatic Agents , COVID-19 , Vaccines , Humans , Antibody Formation , RNA, Viral , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Under the influence of the COVID-19, people's awareness of physical health and immunity has increased significantly. Chitooligosaccharide is an oligomer of β-(1, 4)-linked D-glucosamine, furthermore, is one of the most widely studied immunomodulators. Chitooligosaccharide can be prepared from the chitin or chitosan polymers through enzymatically, chemically or physically processes. Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives have been proven to have a wide range of biological activities including intestinal flora regulation, immunostimulant, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation effects. This review summarizes the latest research of the preparation methods, biological activities in immunity and safety profiles of Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives. We recapped the effect mechanisms of Chitooligosaccharide basing on overall immunity. Comparing the effects of Chitooligosaccharide with different molecular weights and degree of aggregation, a reference range for usage has been provided. This may provide a support for the application of Chitooligosaccharide in immune supplements and food. In addition, future research directions are also discussed. © 2023, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Under the influence of the COVID-19, people's awareness of physical health and immunity has increased significantly. Chitooligosaccharide is an oligomer of β-(1, 4)-linked D-glucosamine, furthermore, is one of the most widely studied immunomodulators. Chitooligosaccharide can be prepared from the chitin or chitosan polymers through enzymatically, chemically or physically processes. Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives have been proven to have a wide range of biological activities including intestinal flora regulation, immunostimulant, anti-tumor, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation effects. This review summarizes the latest research of the preparation methods, biological activities in immunity and safety profiles of Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives. We recapped the effect mechanisms of Chitooligosaccharide basing on overall immunity. Comparing the effects of Chitooligosaccharide with different molecular weights and degree of aggregation, a reference range for usage has been provided. This may provide a support for the application of Chitooligosaccharide in immune supplements and food. In addition, future research directions are also discussed. © 2023, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.
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In the context of the era of big data, the emergence of e-commerce platforms has brought many opportunities and risks. Due to the COVID-19, e-commerce has achieved unprecedented development, and e-commerce fraud has severely damaged the healthy economic environment. This paper uses the RUSBoost algorithm to build an e-commerce fraud risk prediction model, and verifies the predictive performance of the model through data experiments. The results show that it has a high accuracy rate for identifying e-commerce fraud. If the model is applied to e-commerce, the losses caused by ecommerce fraud could be avoided in time. At present, there are fewer e-commerce fraud risk prediction models and have a wide development prospection. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the is permitted for personal use only.
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Background: Immunocompromised patients are inherently vulnerable to severe outcomes to vaccine preventable infections compared to the general population. This study aims to investigate the impact of immunosuppression on response to the ChAdOx1nCov-19 and BNT162b2 vaccines to better inform vaccination efforts in this cohort. Methods: A three-armed randomised controlled trial was performed. Patients with autoimmune disorders on immunosuppressive therapies and healthy controls were recruited from two sites. Participants receiving immunosuppression were randomly assigned to either withhold or continue treatment contemporaneous to vaccine administration. Serum SARS-Cov2 immunoglobulin assays were performed at baseline and, 4-weeks following first and second vaccine doses. Between group comparisons were performed to examine differences in vaccine seroconversion and immunogenicity. Results: A total of, 253 participants of median age, 55 years (IQR:, 45.5-64) including, 193 patients receiving immunosuppression and, 60 healthy controls were studied. Immunosuppressed patients were randomly allocated to continue (n=105) or withhold (n=88) treatment. Of those receiving immunosuppression, 27.08%, 40.63% and, 32.29% of patients were exposed to cDMARDs, bDMARDs and tsDMARDs respectively while rates of BNT162b (Pfizer) vaccination were, 52.33%, 60.67% and, 48.33% among the continue, withhold, and control groups respectively. Post-first dose vaccination seroconversion rates were highest among healthy controls (90%) and patients who temporarily withheld immunosuppressants (76.32%) compared to patients continuing treatment (48.24%) p=0.000. Postsecond dose vaccination seroconversion rates were, 100% in both the control and withhold groups and, 86.75% in the continuation (p=0.001). Mean quantitative serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG titres were, 8.58 U/ml, 5.11 U/ml and, 3.29 U/ml (p=0.0001) between the controls, withhold and continue groups respectively following first vaccination. While post-second vaccination mean serum IgG titres were, 96.31 U/ml, 91.86 U/ml, and, 49.73 U/ml (p=0.0066) between these groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccine response in terms of seroconversion and the level of antibody production was highest among healthy controls compared with patients with autoimmune diseases receiving immunosuppression. Temporary cessation of immunosuppressant therapy, contemporaneous to COVID19 vaccination appears to improve vaccine response in this cohort. (Figure Presented).
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Mobile communication technology is an important information science and technology. With the development and wide application of mobile communication technology, the security of mobile communication has become an important research field, and its security connotation is constantly enriched. First of all, this paper introduces the current situation of people’s life safety and the development of 5G communication technology in the face of COVID-19. Based on this situation, a positioning method is proposed and a method of constructing the association graph between mobile communication devices is designed. A health and safety monitoring system based on mobile communication positioning technology is designed. This paper applies mobile communication positioning technology to health and safety monitoring, and expands the security technology scope of mobile communication technology. © 2022, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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With the rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide, studying its transmission mechanism and exploring scientific control policies become important global issues. In this paper, SEIR epidemic model was improved by taking the asymptomatic infection into account and was used to simulate the spread of the epidemic in Hubei Province. Using the model to simulate and analyze the spread of the epidemic is helpful to provide references for the formulation of epidemic control policies at different stages. © 2021 IEEE.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide references for the selection of an appropriate statin and its dose adjustment in clinical practice when combined lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and statins. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic interactions between LPV/r and seven commonly used statins were reviewed by searching relevant domestic and foreign literatures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Ritonavir is a potent time dependent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and will greatly increase the plasma exposure of simvastatin and lovastatin, leading to the increasing risk of liver damage and rhabdomyolysis. Therefore, it is forbidden to use LPV/r together with these two statins. Whereas atorvastatin and rosuvastatin need to be used with caution and started at the lowest dose. No clinical data has been reported to support the relationship and extent of fluvastatin and LPV/r interactions, nor is there a dose recommendation for the combination. Moreover, LPV/r almost have no effect on the pharmacokinetic profiles of pravastatin and pitavastatin, so it is recommended to use pravastatin/pitavastatin with LPV/r in clinical practice.